Post: 15 February 2012
The Protection of Freedoms Bill is a wide-ranging piece of UK legislation currently at the report stage in the House of Lords.
This post is about Clause 102, a small and unassuming part of the Bill that tinkers with the Freedom of Information Act in order to make it easier for the public to access and re-use datasets held by government bodies. Or at least that’s the idea.
I start from the premise that the Cabinet Office is probably genuine in supporting broad re-use of public information. However the Cabinet Office doesn’t always have a complete grasp of detail or the influence to drive its transparency agenda forward. Other departments (particularly the Ministry of Justice) are intriguing against greater public access to information.
It looks to me as if Clause 102, as drafted, has potential to reduce rather than increase re-use of public datasets, and that as a knock-on effect it may actually reduce FOI access to public data as well.
Clause 102 in the Protection of Freedoms Bill covers “release and publication of datasets held by public authorities”. Ostensibly it supports a ‘right to data’ that will enable the public to request and use government-held datasets and ensure they are updated on a regular basis. It does this by amending and expanding Section 11 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA).
As noted in a Home Office factsheet, the FOIA currently “provides for access to information held by public authorities” but it “makes no express provision in respect of datasets, their availability for re-use or their publication in a re-useable format.” The implication is that this is a flaw in the FOIA.
As policy background, the Cabinet Office has included in its Business Plan an action to create a new 'right to data’. An impact statement signed off by Francis Maude last year indicated the Cabinet Office was committed to encouraging re-use of public data sets. An enhanced 'right to data’ also featured prominently in the Cabinet Office’s recent Open Data consultation.
However the Cabinet Office intends to create this new right to data “in conjunction with” the Ministry of Justice. Responsibility for FOIA along with a large swathe of information policy fall within the remit of the MoJ, for rather arcane reasons that I’ll come to a bit further along.
There are strong reasons to mistrust the MoJ’s commitment to the 'right to data’. Based on its written submission to the current Select Committee inquiry into pre-legislative scrutiny of the FOIA, the MoJ is leading a charge to roll back the FOIA and restrict public access to government information.
It may also be significant that when the Cabinet Office published the responses to its Open Data consultation a couple of weeks ago, the MoJ response was the only one redacted in its entirety.
At first glance the wording of Clause 102 in the Protection of Freedoms Bill seems to support the 'right to data’ as advertised, by requiring public bodies to “so far as reasonably practicable, provide the information to the applicant in an electronic form which is capable of re-use” in response to a valid FOI request.
The problem is the subsequent language that enables public bodies to “charge a fee in connection with making the relevant copyright work available for re-use”.
That “in connection with” locution is rather odd. Intentionally or not it serves to blur the distinction between access to information under FOI (which does not require a licence) and additional re-use rights (which do require a licence).
As currently drafted, Clause 102 would seem to oblige the public body to prepare data for re-use, and to enable it to charge the FOI requestor for the cost of that work, even if the requestor only wants to access the information and has no interest in re-using it. FOIA as it stands allows public bodies to charge for the cost of “processing” the request, and the Clause 102 amendments will necessarily increase that cost.
That’s effectively equivalent to enabling the public body to require an increased fee simply for providing access to the data, which will have a chilling effect on requests for data and is therefore dangerous to the core democratic purpose of the FOIA.
It’s quite true that the FOIA does not currently provide for re-use of data. Copyright and licensing considerations are actually irrelevant to requests under both the existing FOIA and the Environmental Information Regulations (EIR). The copyright status of the data may preclude re-use but that by itself will not preclude access, i.e. it does not give rise to an exemption under either FOIA or EIR.
However that is no flaw in the FOIA, because the Government already has a framework to encourage re-use of public sector information: the Re-use of Public Sector Information Regulations 2005 (RPSIR).
Responsibility for enforcing RPSIR sits with the Office for Public Sector Information (OPSI), which is also responsible for the Open Government Licence. OPSI was originally a Cabinet Office body, but was merged with The National Archives in 2006. National Archives is an agency of the Ministry of Justice.
In principle OPSI is supposed to promote the re-use of public sector information. It operates the Information Fair Trader Scheme, which among other things accredits and regulates public bodies that want to charge fees for re-use of their information.
In practice, under the current Coalition Government, the OPSI has done very little to promote the re-use of public information.
On the contrary last year National Archives acted to undermine take-up of the Open Government Licence by introducing a new government licence for non-commercial use of information. That option sent a signal to public bodies encouraging them to release their data holdings but retain any revenue opportunities from re-use for themselves or selected business partners, rather than making them available more generally as open data and potentially driving innovation.
It looks to me as if the real effect of Clause 102, as drafted, will be to give public bodies carte blanche to charge for re-use of (and potentially access to) data. It eliminates the motivation to seek accreditation under the Information Fair Trader Scheme, without providing any alternative mechanism to make public bodies justify their charging policies.
In other words, less a 'right to data’ than a 'right to buy data’.